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Text messaging service component

E.161, a common mobile keypad alphabet layout

SMS (Short Message Service) is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet, and mobile device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols that let mobile devices exchange curt text messages. An intermediary service tin facilitate a text-to-vox conversion to be sent to landlines.[one]

SMS applied science originated from radio telegraphy in radio memo pagers that used standardized phone protocols. These were defined in 1986 as part of the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) serial of standards.[2] The outset test SMS message was sent on December 3, 1992, when Neil Papworth, a examination engineer for Sema Group, used a personal computer to send "Merry Christmas" to the phone of colleague Richard Jarvis.[3] SMS rolled out commercially on many cellular networks that decade and became hugely popular worldwide as a method of text advice.[four] Past the finish of 2010, SMS was the most widely used data application, with an estimated 3.5 billion agile users, or about lxxx% of all mobile phone subscribers.

The service allows users to send and receive letters of up to 160 characters (when entirely alpha-numeric) to and from GSM mobiles. Although most SMS letters are sent from one mobile phone to some other, back up for the service has expanded to include other mobile technologies, such as CDMA networks and Digital AMPS.[v]

Mobile marketing, a type of straight marketing, uses SMS.[6] According to a 2018 market research study, the global SMS messaging business was estimated to be worth over U.s.a.$100 billion, accounting for nigh 50 percent of all acquirement generated by mobile messaging.[vii]

History [edit]

Initial concept [edit]

Calculation text messaging functionality to mobile devices began in the early 1980s. The first action plan of the CEPT Group GSM was approved in Dec 1982, requesting that "The services and facilities offered in the public switched telephone networks and public data networks ... should be available in the mobile system."[8] This plan included the substitution of text messages either direct between mobile stations, or transmitted via message handling systems in employ at that fourth dimension.[9]

The SMS concept was developed in the Franco-German GSM cooperation in 1984 by Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert.[10] The GSM is optimized for telephony, since this was identified as its principal awarding. The primal idea for SMS was to employ this telephone-optimized system, and to transport messages on the signalling paths needed to control the telephone traffic during periods when no signalling traffic existed. In this way, unused resources in the system could be used to transport letters at minimal cost. However, it was necessary to limit the length of the letters to 128 bytes (later improved to 160 7-bit characters) so that the messages could fit into the existing signalling formats. Based on his personal observations and on analysis of the typical lengths of postcard and Telex messages, Hillebrand argued that 160 characters was sufficient for nearly brief communications.[11]

SMS could be implemented in every mobile station by updating its software. Hence, a large base of operations of SMS-capable terminals and networks existed when people began to use SMS.[12] A new network chemical element required was a specialized short message service middle, and enhancements were required to the radio capacity and network send infrastructure to suit growing SMS traffic.[ citation needed ]

Early development [edit]

The technical development of SMS was a multinational collaboration supporting the framework of standards bodies. Through these organizations the technology was made freely available to the whole world.[13]

The first proposal which initiated the development of SMS was made by a contribution of Germany and France in the GSM group meeting in February 1985 in Oslo.[14] This proposal was further elaborated in GSM subgroup WP1 Services (Chairman Martine Alvernhe, France Telecom) based on a contribution from Germany. In that location were also initial discussions in the subgroup WP3 network aspects chaired by Jan Audestad (Telenor). The result was canonical by the main GSM group in a June 1985 document which was distributed to industry.[15] The input documents on SMS had been prepared by Friedhelm Hillebrand of Deutsche Telekom, with contributions from Bernard Ghillebaert of France Télécom. The definition that Friedhelm Hillebrand and Bernard Ghillebaert brought into GSM called for the provision of a bulletin manual service of alphanumeric messages to mobile users "with acknowledgement capabilities". The final 3 words transformed SMS into something much more useful than the electronic paging services used at the time that some in GSM might have had in mind.[16]

SMS was considered in the main GSM group as a possible service for the new digital cellular system. In GSM document "Services and Facilities to exist provided in the GSM System,"[two] both mobile-originated and mobile-terminated brusque messages announced on the tabular array of GSM teleservices.[ citation needed ]

The discussions on the GSM services were ended in the recommendation GSM 02.03 "TeleServices supported by a GSM PLMN."[17] Here a rudimentary description of the iii services was given:

  1. Short message mobile-terminated (SMS-MT)/ Bespeak-to-Point: the ability of a network to transmit a Short Message to a mobile phone. The message can be sent by phone or past a software application.
  2. Brusque message mobile-originated (SMS-MO)/ Point-to-Bespeak: the ability of a network to transmit a Curt Message sent by a mobile phone. The message tin be sent to a phone or to a software application.
  3. Brusk bulletin cell broadcast.[ citation needed ]

The material elaborated in GSM and its WP1 subgroup was handed over in Spring 1987 to a new GSM body chosen IDEG (the Implementation of Information and Telematic Services Experts Group), which had its commencement in May 1987 under the chairmanship of Friedhelm Hillebrand (German language Telecom). The technical standard known today was largely created by IDEG (later WP4) as the two recommendations GSM 03.forty (the 2 point-to-point services merged) and GSM 03.41 (cell broadcast).[ citation needed ]

WP4 created a Drafting Group Message Treatment (DGMH), which was responsible for the specification of SMS. Finn Trosby of Telenor chaired the draft group through its first 3 years, in which the design of SMS was established. DGMH had five to eight participants, and Finn Trosby mentions equally major contributors Kevin Holley, Eija Altonen, Didier Luizard and Alan Cox. The get-go activity plan[18] mentions for the showtime time the Technical Specification 03.forty "Technical Realisation of the Curt Bulletin Service". Responsible editor was Finn Trosby. The first and very rudimentary draft of the technical specification was completed in November 1987.[19] Nevertheless, drafts useful for the manufacturers followed at a later stage in the period. A comprehensive description of the piece of work in this period is given in.[twenty]

The work on the draft specification connected in the following few years, where Kevin Holley of Cellnet (now Telefónica O2 UK) played a leading role. Also the completion of the main specification GSM 03.40, the detailed protocol specifications on the arrangement interfaces as well needed to be completed.[ commendation needed ]

Back up in other architectures [edit]

The Mobile Application Office (MAP) of the SS7 protocol included back up for the transport of Curt Messages through the Cadre Network from its inception.[21] MAP Stage 2 expanded back up for SMS by introducing a separate operation lawmaking for Mobile Terminated Brusque Message transport.[22] Since Phase 2, at that place accept been no changes to the Short Message operation packages in MAP, although other functioning packages take been enhanced to back up CAMEL SMS control.[ citation needed ]

From 3GPP Releases 99 and four onwards, CAMEL Phase 3 introduced the ability for the Intelligent Network (IN) to command aspects of the Mobile Originated Curt Message Service,[23] while CAMEL Phase 4, as part of 3GPP Release 5 and onwards, provides the IN with the ability to control the Mobile Terminated service.[24] CAMEL allows the gsmSCP to block the submission (MO) or delivery (MT) of Short Letters, road messages to destinations other than that specified past the user, and perform real-time billing for the utilise of the service. Prior to standardized CAMEL control of the Short Bulletin Service, IN control relied on switch vendor specific extensions to the Intelligent Network Application Office (INAP) of SS7.[ citation needed ]

Early implementations [edit]

The first SMS message[3] was sent over the Vodafone GSM network in the United Kingdom on Dec 3, 1992, from Neil Papworth of Sema Grouping (now Mavenir Systems) using a personal computer to Richard Jarvis of Vodafone using an Orbitel 901 handset. The text of the message was "Merry Christmas."[25]

The starting time commercial deployment of a brusque message service eye (SMSC) was by Aldiscon part of Logica (at present part of CGI) with Telia (now TeliaSonera) in Sweden in 1993,[26] followed by Armada Telephone call (now Nextel)[27] in the United states of america, Telenor in Kingdom of norway[28] and BT Cellnet (now O2 UK)[29] afterwards in 1993. All outset installations of SMS gateways were for network notifications sent to mobile phones, usually to inform of voice mail service messages.[ citation needed ]

The beginning commercially sold SMS service was offered to consumers, every bit a person-to-person text messaging service by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa) in Finland in 1993. Most early GSM mobile phone handsets did non support the ability to send SMS text messages, and Nokia was the only handset manufacturer whose total GSM telephone line in 1993 supported user-sending of SMS text messages. According to Matti Makkonen, an engineer at Nokia at the time, the Nokia 2010, which was released in January 1994, was the first mobile phone to support composing SMSes easily.[30]

Initial growth was deadening, with customers in 1995 sending on average simply 0.4 messages per GSM customer per month.[31] One cistron in the wearisome takeup of SMS was that operators were slow to prepare charging systems, peculiarly for prepaid subscribers, and eliminate billing fraud which was possible by changing SMSC settings on individual handsets to use the SMSCs of other operators.[ citation needed ] Initially, networks in the UK only immune customers to send messages to other users on the same network, limiting the usefulness of the service. This brake was lifted in 1999.[3]

Over time, this issue was eliminated by switch billing instead of billing at the SMSC and past new features within SMSCs to permit blocking of foreign mobile users sending messages through it. By the terminate of 2000, the average number of messages reached 35 per user per month,[31] and on Christmas Day 2006, over 205 million messages were sent in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland alone.[32]

Text messaging outside GSM [edit]

SMS was originally designed as part of GSM, just is at present available on a wide range of networks, including 3G networks. All the same, non all text messaging systems utilize SMS, and some notable alternative implementations of the concept include J-Phone's SkyMail and NTT Docomo'south Short Post, both in Japan. Email messaging from phones, as popularized by NTT Docomo's i-mode and the RIM BlackBerry, as well typically uses standard post protocols such every bit SMTP over TCP/IP.[ citation needed ]

SMS today [edit]

SMS messages sent monthly in the U.South. from 2001 to 2008 (in billions)

In 2010[update], six.one trillion (6.1 × 1012) SMS text messages were sent,[33] which is an average of 193,000 SMS per second. SMS has become a big commercial industry, earning $114.6 billion globally in 2010.[34] The global boilerplate cost for an SMS message is US$0.eleven, while mobile networks charge each other interconnect fees of at to the lowest degree Usa$0.04 when connecting betwixt different telephone networks.[ commendation needed ]

In 2015, the bodily toll of sending an SMS in Australia was plant to be $0.00016 per SMS.[35]

In 2014, Caktus Grouping[36] developed the world'due south first SMS-based voter registration organisation in Libya. Every bit of February 2015 more than than 1.v million people have registered using that system, providing Libyan voters with unprecedented access to the democratic process.[37]

While SMS is still a growing market, it is being increasingly challenged past Net Protocol-based messaging services such equally Apple'south iMessage, Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, Telegram, Viber, WeChat (in China) and Line (in Nippon), available on smart phones with information connections.[38]

SMS Enablement [edit]

SMS enablement allows individuals to send an SMS message to a business phone number (traditional landline) and receive a SMS in return. Providing customers with the ability to text to a telephone number allows organizations to offer new services that deliver value. Examples include chat bots, and text enabled client service and call centers.[ commendation needed ]

Technical details [edit]

GSM [edit]

The Curt Message Service—Betoken to Point (SMS-PP)—was originally defined in GSM recommendation 03.xl, which is now maintained in 3GPP equally TS 23.040.[39] [forty] GSM 03.41 (at present 3GPP TS 23.041) defines the Short Message Service—Cell Broadcast (SMS-CB), which allows messages (advertizement, public data, etc.) to exist broadcast to all mobile users in a specified geographical expanse.[41] [42]

Messages are sent to a short message service center (SMSC), which provides a "store and forrad" mechanism. It attempts to send letters to the SMSC'south recipients. If a recipient is non reachable, the SMSC queues the message for later retry.[43] Some SMSCs too provide a "forward and forget" option where transmission is tried only once. Both mobile terminated (MT, for letters sent to a mobile handset) and mobile originating (MO, for those sent from the mobile handset) operations are supported. Message delivery is "best effort", so there are no guarantees that a message will actually be delivered to its recipient, but filibuster or consummate loss of a message is uncommon, typically affecting less than v per centum of letters.[44] Some providers permit users to request delivery reports, either via the SMS settings of most modern phones, or by prefixing each message with *0#[45] or *N#. However, the exact pregnant of confirmations varies from reaching the network, to existence queued for sending, to existence sent, to receiving a confirmation of receipt from the target device, and users are often non informed of the specific type of success being reported.[ citation needed ]

SMS is a stateless advice protocol in which every SMS bulletin is considered entirely independent of other messages. Enterprise applications using SMS as a communication aqueduct for stateful dialogue (where an MO answer message is paired to a specific MT message) requires that session management exist maintained external to the protocol.[ commendation needed ]

Message size [edit]

Transmission of short messages between the SMSC and the handset is done whenever using the Mobile Application Part (MAP) of the SS7 protocol.[46] Messages are sent with the MAP MO- and MT-ForwardSM operations, whose payload length is limited past the constraints of the signaling protocol to precisely 140 bytes (140 bytes * viii bits / byte = 1120 bits).

Brusk letters can exist encoded using a diversity of alphabets: the default GSM 7-fleck alphabet, the 8-bit data alphabet, and the xvi-fleck UCS-2 alphabet.[47] Depending on which alphabet the subscriber has configured in the handset, this leads to the maximum individual short bulletin sizes of 160 7-bit characters, 140 8-bit characters, or 70 16-bit characters. GSM 7-bit alphabet support is mandatory for GSM handsets and network elements,[47] just characters in languages such as Hindi, Standard arabic, Chinese, Korean, Japanese, or Cyrillic alphabet languages (e.g., Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian, etc.) must be encoded using the 16-chip UCS-2 character encoding (run across Unicode). Routing information and other metadata is additional to the payload size.[ citation needed ]

Larger content (concatenated SMS, multipart or segmented SMS, or "long SMS") can exist sent using multiple letters, in which instance each message will get-go with a User Data Header (UDH) containing sectionalization data. Since UDH is part of the payload, the number of available characters per segment is lower: 153 for 7-bit encoding, 134 for eight-bit encoding and 67 for 16-bit encoding. The receiving handset is then responsible for reassembling the message and presenting information technology to the user every bit one long message. While the standard theoretically permits upward to 255 segments,[48] ten segments is the practical maximum with some carriers,[49] and long messages are often billed every bit equivalent to multiple SMS letters. In some cases 127 segments are supported,[fifty] just software limitations in out of the box Android apps do not allow to ship such a message without converting to MMS beginning, 1 tin can use QKSMS app to send such a long SMS. Some providers take offered length-oriented pricing schemes for messages, although that type of pricing construction is rapidly disappearing.[ citation needed ]

Gateway providers [edit]

SMS gateway providers facilitate SMS traffic between businesses and mobile subscribers, including SMS for enterprises, content delivery, and entertainment services involving SMS, e.grand. TV voting. Because SMS messaging performance and cost, besides as the level of messaging services, SMS gateway providers can be classified every bit aggregators or SS7 providers.[ citation needed ]

The aggregator model is based on multiple agreements with mobile carriers to substitution two-way SMS traffic into and out of the operator's SMSC, also known as "local termination model". Aggregators lack direct admission into the SS7 protocol, which is the protocol where the SMS messages are exchanged. SMS messages are delivered to the operator's SMSC, but not the subscriber's handset; the SMSC takes care of farther handling of the message through the SS7 network.[ citation needed ]

Some other type of SMS gateway provider is based on SS7 connectivity to road SMS messages, too known every bit "international termination model". The advantage of this model is the ability to route data directly through SS7, which gives the provider total control and visibility of the consummate path during SMS routing. This means SMS messages can be sent direct to and from recipients without having to go through the SMSCs of other mobile operators. Therefore, information technology is possible to avert delays and message losses, offering full delivery guarantees of messages and optimized routing. This model is particularly efficient when used in mission-critical messaging and SMS used in corporate communications. Moreover, these SMS gateway providers are providing branded SMS services with masking but later misuse of these gateways almost countries'south Governments accept taken serious steps to block these gateways.[ commendation needed ]

Interconnectivity with other networks [edit]

Message Service Centers communicate with the Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) or PSTN via Interworking and Gateway MSCs.[ citation needed ]

Subscriber-originated messages are transported from a handset to a service center, and may exist destined for mobile users, subscribers on a fixed network, or Value-Added Service Providers (VASPs), also known equally application-terminated. Subscriber-terminated messages are transported from the service center to the destination handset, and may originate from mobile users, from fixed network subscribers, or from other sources such every bit VASPs.[ citation needed ]

On some carriers nonsubscribers can send messages to a subscriber's phone using an Email-to-SMS gateway. Additionally, many carriers, including AT&T Mobility, T-Mobile USA,[51] Sprint,[52] and Verizon Wireless,[53] offer the ability to do this through their corresponding websites.[ commendation needed ]

For case, an AT&T subscriber whose phone number was 555-555-5555 would receive emails addressed to 5555555555@txt.att.net as text messages. Subscribers can easily answer to these SMS messages, and the SMS reply is sent back to the original email address. Sending email to SMS is free for the sender, just the recipient is subject area to the standard delivery charges. Only the showtime 160 characters of an email message can be delivered to a phone, and only 160 characters can be sent from a telephone. However, longer messages may be broken upward into multiple texts, depending upon the telephone service provider.[54] [55]

Text-enabled fixed-line handsets are required to receive letters in text format. Still, messages can exist delivered to not enabled phones using text-to-speech conversion.[56]

Short messages can transport binary content such as ringtones or logos, likewise as Over-the-air programming (OTA) or configuration information. Such uses are a vendor-specific extension of the GSM specification and at that place are multiple competing standards, although Nokia's Smart Messaging is common. An culling style for sending such binary content is EMS messaging, which is standardized and non dependent on vendors.[ citation needed ]

SMS is used for M2M (Automobile to Machine) communication. For instance, at that place is an LED display machine controlled by SMS, and some vehicle tracking companies utilize SMS for their data transport or telemetry needs. SMS usage for these purposes is slowly being superseded by GPRS services attributable to their lower overall toll.[ citation needed ] GPRS is offered by smaller telco players every bit a route of sending SMS text to reduce the toll of SMS texting internationally.[57]

AT commands [edit]

Many mobile and satellite transceiver units back up the sending and receiving of SMS using an extended version of the Hayes command set. The extensions were standardised as part of the GSM Standards and extended equally function of the 3GPP standards process.[58]

The connection betwixt the terminal equipment and the transceiver can be realized with a serial cablevision (due east.g., USB), a Bluetooth link, an infrared link, etc. Common AT commands include AT+CMGS (ship message), AT+CMSS (ship message from storage), AT+CMGL (list messages) and AT+CMGR (read message).[59]

Still, not all modern devices back up receiving of messages if the message storage (for instance the device's internal memory) is non accessible using AT commands.[ commendation needed ]

Premium-rated curt messages [edit]

Brusk messages may be used commonly to provide premium charge per unit services to subscribers of a telephone network.[ citation needed ]

Mobile-terminated short messages tin can be used to evangelize digital content such as news alerts, financial data, logos, and ring tones. The showtime premium-rate media content delivered via the SMS system was the world's kickoff paid downloadable ringing tones, as commercially launched by Saunalahti (afterward Jippii Group, now part of Elisa Group), in 1998. Initially, but Nokia branded phones could handle them. By 2002 the ringtone business globally had exceeded $1 billion of service revenues, and nearly US$five billion by 2008.[ commendation needed ] Today, they are also used to pay smaller payments online—for example, for file-sharing services, in mobile application stores, or VIP department entrance. Outside the online world, ane can buy a bus ticket or beverages from ATM, pay a parking ticket, club a shop catalog or some goods (due east.g., discount movie DVDs), brand a donation to clemency, and much more than.[ commendation needed ]

Premium-rated letters are likewise used in Donors Bulletin Service to collect money for charities and foundations. DMS was offset launched at Apr 1, 2004, and is very popular in the Czech Republic.[60] For case, the Czech people sent over 1.5 million messages to aid South Asia recover from the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and seismic sea wave.[61]

The Value-added service provider (VASP) providing the content submits the message to the mobile operator's SMSC(southward) using a TCP/IP protocol such every bit the brusque bulletin peer-to-peer protocol (SMPP) or the External Machine Interface (EMI). The SMSC delivers the text using the normal Mobile Terminated delivery procedure. The subscribers are charged actress for receiving this premium content; the revenue is typically divided between the mobile network operator and the VASP either through revenue share or a stock-still transport fee. Submission to the SMSC is commonly handled past a third political party.[ citation needed ]

Mobile-originated short messages may also exist used in a premium-rated fashion for services such as televoting. In this case, the VASP providing the service obtains a short code from the telephone network operator, and subscribers transport texts to that number. The payouts to the carriers vary past carrier; percentages paid are greatest on the lowest-priced premium SMS services. Near information providers should look to pay about 45 percent of the price of the premium SMS up front to the carrier. The submission of the text to the SMSC is identical to a standard MO Brusk Bulletin submission, but one time the text is at the SMSC, the Service Eye (SC) identifies the Short Lawmaking as a premium service. The SC will then direct the content of the text message to the VASP, typically using an IP protocol such as SMPP or EMI. Subscribers are charged a premium for the sending of such messages, with the acquirement typically shared between the network operator and the VASP. Curt codes just work inside i land, they are not international.[ citation needed ]

An alternative to inbound SMS is based on long numbers (international number format, such as "+44 762 480 5000"), which can exist used in place of short codes for SMS reception in several applications, such as Idiot box voting, production promotions and campaigns. Long numbers work internationally, allow businesses to use their own numbers, rather than short codes, which are usually shared across many brands. Additionally, long numbers are nonpremium inbound numbers.[ commendation needed ]

Threaded SMS [edit]

Threaded SMS is a visual styling orientation of SMS message history that arranges messages to and from a contact in chronological order on a single screen.

It was first invented by a programmer working to implement the SMS client for the BlackBerry, who was looking to make use of the blank screen left below the message on a device with a larger screen capable of displaying far more than the usual 160 characters, and was inspired past threaded Reply conversations in email.[62]

Visually, this style of representation provides a back-and-forth chat-like history for each individual contact.[63] Hierarchical-threading at the conversation-level (as typical in blogs and on-line messaging boards) is not widely supported by SMS messaging clients. This limitation is due to the fact that there is no session identifier or subject-line passed back and forth between sent and received letters in the header data (as specified past SMS protocol) from which the client device can properly thread an incoming message to a specific dialogue, or even to a specific bulletin within a dialogue.

Most smart phone text-messaging-clients are able to create some contextual threading of "group messages" which narrows the context of the thread around the mutual interests shared by grouping members. On the other hand, advanced enterprise messaging applications which push button letters from a remote server oft display a dynamically changing reply number (multiple numbers used by the same sender), which is used forth with the sender'southward phone number to create session-tracking capabilities analogous to the functionality that cookies provide for web-browsing.[ citation needed ] As one pervasive case, this technique is used to extend the functionality of many Instant Messenger (IM) applications such that they are able to communicate over two-way dialogues with the much larger SMS user-base.[64] In cases where multiple respond numbers are used by the enterprise server to maintain the dialogue, the visual conversation threading on the client may be separated into multiple threads.[ citation needed ]

Application-to-person (A2P) SMS [edit]

While SMS reached its popularity as a person-to-person messaging, some other blazon of SMS is growing fast: awarding-to-person (A2P) messaging. A2P is a type of SMS sent from a subscriber to an awarding or sent from an application to a subscriber. It is commonly used by businesses, such as banks, east-gaming, logistic companies, e-commerce, to ship SMS messages from their systems to their customers.[65]

In the US, carriers have traditionally preferred that A2P messages must be sent using a short lawmaking rather than a standard long lawmaking.[66] Even so, recently multiple US carriers, including Verizon have appear plans to officially support A2P messages over long codes.[67] In the Great britain A2P messages can be sent with a dynamic 11 character sender ID; still, short codes are used for OPTOUT commands. There are specialist companies such as MMG Mobile Marketing Group which provide these services to businesses and enterprises.

Satellite phone networks [edit]

All commercial satellite phone networks except ACeS and OptusSat support SMS.[ citation needed ] While early Iridium handsets only back up incoming SMS, later models can likewise send messages. The toll per message varies for different networks. Unlike some mobile phone networks, at that place is no extra charge for sending international SMS or to send one to a dissimilar satellite phone network. SMS tin can sometimes be sent from areas where the indicate is besides poor to make a vox call.

Satellite phone networks commonly have web-based or electronic mail-based SMS portals where one can send gratis SMS to phones on that detail network.

Unreliability [edit]

Unlike dedicated texting systems like the Simple Network Paging Protocol and Motorola'due south ReFLEX protocol,[68] SMS bulletin commitment is non guaranteed, and many implementations provide no mechanism through which a sender tin can determine whether an SMS message has been delivered in a timely way.[69] SMS letters are generally treated as lower-priority traffic than voice, and various studies take shown that effectually 1% to five% of messages are lost entirely, even during normal operation conditions,[seventy] and others may not be delivered until long after their relevance has passed.[71] The utilize of SMS as an emergency notification service in particular has been questioned.[72]

Vulnerabilities [edit]

An example of a phishing attack through SMS, showing a false bulletin and URL claiming to be from Apple

The Global Service for Mobile communications (GSM), with the greatest worldwide number of users, succumbs to several security vulnerabilities. In the GSM, merely the airway traffic betwixt the Mobile Station (MS) and the Base of operations Transceiver Station (BTS) is optionally encrypted with a weak and broken stream null (A5/1 or A5/2). The authentication is unilateral and also vulnerable. At that place are also many other security vulnerabilities and shortcomings.[73] Such vulnerabilities are inherent to SMS as ane of the superior and well-tried services with a global availability in the GSM networks. SMS messaging has some extra security vulnerabilities due to its shop-and-frontwards feature, and the problem of false SMS that can exist conducted via the Internet. When a user is roaming, SMS content passes through different networks, mayhap including the Cyberspace, and is exposed to various vulnerabilities and attacks. Another concern arises when an adversary gets admission to a telephone and reads the previous unprotected messages.[74]

In October 2005, researchers from Pennsylvania State Academy published an analysis of vulnerabilities in SMS-capable cellular networks. The researchers speculated that attackers might exploit the open functionality of these networks to disrupt them or crusade them to fail, possibly on a nationwide calibration.[75]

SMS spoofing [edit]

The GSM industry has identified a number of potential fraud attacks on mobile operators that can be delivered via corruption of SMS messaging services. The most serious threat is SMS Spoofing, which occurs when a fraudster manipulates address information in order to impersonate a user that has roamed onto a strange network and is submitting messages to the home network. Frequently, these messages are addressed to destinations exterior the home network—with the home SMSC essentially being "hijacked" to send letters into other networks.[ citation needed ]

The only certain mode of detecting and blocking spoofed letters is to screen incoming mobile-originated letters to verify that the sender is a valid subscriber and that the message is coming from a valid and correct location. This tin be implemented past adding an intelligent routing part to the network that can query originating subscriber details from the domicile location annals (HLR) before the message is submitted for delivery. This kind of intelligent routing function is beyond the capabilities of legacy messaging infrastructure.[76]

Limitation [edit]

In an effort to limit telemarketers who had taken to bombarding users with hordes of unsolicited messages, India introduced new regulations in September 2011, including a cap of three,000 SMS messages per subscriber per month, or an average of 100 per subscriber per day.[77] Due to representations received from some of the service providers and consumers, TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) has raised this limit to 200 SMS messages per SIM per day in instance of prepaid services, and upwards to six,000 SMS messages per SIM per month in case of postpaid services with outcome from November 1, 2011.[78] However, it was ruled unconstitutional by the Delhi high court, just there are some limitations.[79]

Flash SMS [edit]

A Wink SMS is a type of SMS that appears directly on the master screen without user interaction and is non automatically stored in the inbox.[80] Information technology can be useful in emergencies, such as a fire alarm or cases of confidentiality, every bit in delivering i-time passwords.[81]

Silent SMS [edit]

In 2010 Federal republic of germany, nearly one-half a meg "silent SMS" messages were sent by the federal police, customs and the secret service "Verfassungsschutz" (offices for protection of the constitution).[82] These silent messages, also known every bit "silent TMS", "stealth SMS", "stealth ping" or "Curt Message Type 0",[83] are used to locate a person and thus to create a consummate motility profile. They practise not show up on a display, nor trigger any acoustical signal when received. Their principal purpose was to deliver special services of the network operator to any jail cell telephone.

See also [edit]

  • Process Driven Messaging Service
  • Comparing of mobile telephone standards
  • SMS language
  • Messaging apps
  • Text messaging
  • Social messaging
  • Thumbing
  • GSM 03.twoscore
  • Brusque Message Service Middle (SMSC)
  • Short message service technical realisation (GSM)
  • SMS gateway (sending text to or from devices other than phones)
  • SMS hubbing
  • SMS home routing
  • Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS)
  • Enhanced Messaging Service (European monetary system)
  • Rich Communication Services (RCS)
  • Data Coding Scheme

References [edit]

  1. ^ Kelly, Heather (Dec 3, 2012). "OMG, The Text Message Turns xx. But has SMS peaked?". CNN.
  2. ^ a b GSM Doc 28/85 "Services and Facilities to be provided in the GSM Organization" rev2, June 1985
  3. ^ a b c Hppy bthdy txt! December 2002, BBC News.
  4. ^ "How SMS Changed the World".
  5. ^ "When Showtime SMS Was Sent". Play GK Quiz. Archived from the original on December ane, 2017. Retrieved November 27, 2017.
  6. ^ Black, Ken (September 13, 2016). "What is SMS Marketing?". wiseGEEK . Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  7. ^ Portio Research. "Mobile Messaging Futures 2014-20148". Archived from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
  8. ^ see GSM certificate 02/82 bachelor the ETSI archive
  9. ^ These Message Handling Systems had been standardized in the ITU, see specifications X.400 series
  10. ^ See the volume Hillebrand, Trosby, Holley, Harris: SMS the cosmos of Personal Global Text Messaging, Wiley 2010
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External links [edit]

  • 3GPP – the organization that maintains the SMS specification
  • ISO Standards (In Zip file format)
  • GSM 03.38 to Unicode – how the GSM 7-bit default alphabet characters map into Unicode

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS

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